BOOK: "An Introduction to Physics" by Glover and Sugon (C & E Publishing, 2017)

This book is entitled "An Introduction to PhysicsAn Introduction to Physics" and it is intended to be just that, a first course in basic physics as present-day scientists understand the field of physics. The intended reader is a student in the STEM strack of Senior High School who has already completed an equivalent of a year on physics in Junior High School.

It sometimes happens that a student has been exposed to a course entitled "Physics" which was in reality, a mere description of household gadgets and the memorization of formulas. It is the feeling of the authors that such a student has not yet been "introduced to physics." For the general student, the primary aim in studying physics should be formation rather than information. Much of the student's earlier education may have developed the memory, storing it with useful or at least interesting bits of information. However, education should also develop the intellect, teaching the student to think logically, objectively, and independently. A course in physics which leads the student step by step through a process of logical scientific thinking is one way to develop the intellect. This consideration dominates the selection of material used in the book, as well as the manner of presentation.

The authors attempt to highlight the logical unity of physics. Momentum, energy, field, and force are stressed as unifying concepts. Regretfully, nuclear physics has not been included, partly because of lack of time in a one year course, and partly because any treatment at this introductory level would have to be mainly descriptive, merely cataloging the phenomena. Many chapters include optional material in the IF YOU'RE INTERESTED sections. These sections contain further development of ideas touched upon in the chapter. Matter treated in these sections is not needed for developing ideas contained in the body of subsequent chapters. For example, the entire development of relativity is confined to these optional sections. Such sections might be assigned as private reading for the faster students, or may be included if additional time is available for the course.

It is the hope of the authors that this book may prove an effective instrument in the hands of a devoted teacher for introducing students to the harmony that underlies the structure of the material world about us.

--Fr. Francisco Glover, SJ and Quirino Sugon Jr, PhD

	Contents	Page No.
	Preface	ix
UNIT 1	HOW THINGS MOVE	2
Chapter 1	Space and Time	3
1.1	The Idea of Space	4
1.2	Distance	5
1.3	Accuracy in Measuring	6
1.4	Combining Measurements	9
1.5	What is Time?	10
1.6	What is Motion?	11
1.7	Choosing Standards	12
1.8	Standards that Change	13
	Test Yourself	18
	Discussion	19
	Exercises	19
1.9	Significant Figures	22
1.10	Clocks and Meter Bars	24
1.11	On Synchronizing Clocks	27
Chapter 2	Motion along a Straight Path	29
2.1	Graphs	30
2.2	The Slope of a Graph	31
2.3	Changing Slope	34
2.4	Drawing Your Own Graphs	36
2.5	Velocity vs. Time Graphs	38
2.6	Acceleration	40
2.7	Concepts, Graphs, and Equations	41
2.8	If the Acceleration is Constant	42
2.9	A Freely Falling Object	43
2.10	Summary	45
	Test Yourself	46
	Discussion	47
	Exercises	48
Chapter 3	Vectors	53
3.1	Coordinates	54
3.2	Displacements	55
3.3	Vectors and Vector Components	57
3.4	Three Dimensions	59
3.5	Unit Vectors	61
3.6	Multiplication of Vectors	61
3.7	Fields	63
	Test Yourself	64
	Discussion	65
	Exercises	65
Chapter 4	Motion in Space	67
4.1	Velocity Vectors	68
4.2	Some Examples	70
4.3	Acceleration as a Vector	71
4.4	Uniform Circular Motion	73
4.5	Just One Component of Uniform Circular Motion	74
4.6	Contradictions	75
	Test Yourself	77
	Discussion	78
	Exercises	78
4.7	Transformation Equations	79
4.8	Velocity Transformation	81
4.9	Some Consequences	82
UNIT 2	WHY THINGS MOVE	86
Chapter 5	Mass and Force	87
5.1	Why Things Don't Change Their Motion	88
5.2	Aristotle vs. Galileo	90
5.3	What is Force?	91
5.4	Force and Acceleration	93
5.5	A Measure of Mass	95
5.6	Retrospect	96
5.7	This Mass Business	97
5.8	Actions and Reactions	99
5.9	"Action-at-a-Distance" and Contact Interactions	100
5.10	Conservative and Non-conservative Interactions	102
5.11	Some Examples	104
5.12	More Complicated Motions	106
	Test Yourself	108
	Discussion	108
	Exercises	109
5.13	Changing Mass	110
Chapter 6	Momentum	111
6.1	Impulse and Momentum	112
6.2	Applications	114
6.3	Conservation of Momentum	118
6.4	Jet Planes and Rockets	120
6.5	Angular Momentum	122
6.6	Looking Back	125
	Test Yourself	126
	Discussion	127
	Exercises	128
6.7	Change of Mass with Velocity	130
Chapter 7	Kinetic Energy and Work	133
7.1	Force and Distance	134
7.2	More about Work	137
7.3	Two and Three Dimensions	138
7.4	Circular Motion	139
7.5	Conservation of Kinetic Energy	142
7.6	Power	143
7.7	Elastic Collisions	144
7.8	Motions and Descriptions	147
	Test Yourself	148
	Discussion	149
	Exercises	150
7.9	More about Circular Motion	151
Chapter 8	Potential Energy	155
8.1	Gravitational Potential Energy	156
8.2	Conservative Forces	158
8.3	Elastic Interactions	160
8.4	Conservation of Mechanical Energy	163
8.5	Applications	164
8.6	Simple Harmonic Motion	168
8.7	Mass: A Measure of Energy	175
8.8	Summary	177
	Test yourself	178
	Discussion	179
	Exercises	180
8.9	The Simple Pendulum	183
8.10	Extended Binomial Theorem	184
8.11	Nuclear Binding Energy	186
UNIT 3	GRAVITATION	188
Chapter 9	The Force of Gravity	189
9.1	Kepler's Description of the Solar System	190
9.2	Newton's Law of Gravity	191
9.3	The Gravitational Field	195
9.4	Gravitational Potential Energy Again	200
9.5	Natural and Artificial Satellites	204
9.6	The Mystery of Gravity	207
	Test Yourself	210
	Discussion	211
	Exercises	211
UNIT 4	ATOMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS	214
Chapter 10	Intermolecular Forces	215
10.1	Atoms and Molecules	216
10.2	The Size of an Atom	217
10.3	The Intermolecular Force	222
10.4	Intermolecular Potential Energy	225
10.6	A Model	226
10.7	Summary	230
	Test Yourself	231
	Discussion	232
	Exercises	232
Chapter 11	Gases	233
11.1	Concepts	234
11.2	The Air Around Us	236
11.3	The Relation Between Pressure and Volume of a Gas	238
11.4	How Gases Behave as Temperature Changes	240
11.5	The General Gas Law	243
11.6	Keeping Account of Molecules	246
11.7	Predicting the Behavior of a Gas	247
11.8	When the Wind Blows	250
11.9	The Molecular Model of a Gas	252
	Test Yourself	253
	Discussion	254
	Exercises	255
11.10	Derivation of Equation (11-11)	256
Chapter 12	Heat and Energy	258
12.1	Temperature and Heat	258
12.2	Calorie: A Measure of Heat	261
12.3	Specific Heat Capacity	264
12.4	Troubles	267
12.5	Energy in Small Packages	269
12.6	Solids	274
12.7	Evaporation and Boiling	277
12.8	A One-Way Street	281
12.9	Probability	282
12.10	Energy Transfer	283
12.11	Retrospect	287
	Test yourself	288
	Discussion	288
	Exercises	289
12.12	The Specific Heat Capacity of a Gas	292
12.13	Friction	295
UNIT 5	WAVE MOTION	299
Chapter 13	Wave Motion	300
13.1	Waves on a Rope	301
13.2	Particle Velocity and Slope	305
13.3	The Force along a Rope	310
13.4	Momentum and Energy along the Rope	315
13.5	Wave Interactions	317
13.6	Standing Waves	323
13.7	Retrospect	328
	Test Yourself	329
	Discussion	329
	Exercises	331
13.8	Resultant Force on a Short Element of Rope	335
13.9	An Alternative Derivation of (13-15)	336
13.10	The Potential Energy Distribution along a Rope	337
Chapter 14	Waves in Two Dimensions	340
14.1	A single Source	341
14.2	Two Sources	344
14.3	Many Sources	346
14.4	Refraction	348
14.5	Conclusions	351
	Test Yourself	353
	Discussion	353
	Exercises	354
Chapter 15	Sound	357
15.1	The Behavior of Sound	358
15.2	Particle or Wave	359
15.3	New Kinds of Waves	360
15.4	Interference	363
15.5	Conclusions	366
	Test Yourself	367
	Discussion	367
	Exercises	367
15.6	Longitudinal Waves on a Spring	369
15.7	Longitudinal Waves Anywhere	374
	Additional Problems: A	377
	Additional Problems: B	377
Chapter 16	Electricity at Rest	381
16.1	Electric Charge	382
16.2	Electrons	385
16.3	Electric Field	389
16.4	Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential	392
16.5	Gauss's Law	396
16.6	Storing Up Energy	401
16.7	Unfinished Business	407
	Test Yourself	408
	Discussion	408
	Exercises	409
16.8	The Force on a Light-Charged Sphere	414
16.9	Capacitors and Dielectrics	415
	Exercises	416
Chapter 17	Electricity and Motion	417
17.1	A Single Charge	418
17.2	Electric Currents	419
17.3	The Force between Currents	424
17.4	Magnetic Field	428
17.5	Ampere's Law	432
17.6	Energy Storage in a Magnetic Field	436
17.7	Comparing Inductors with Capacitors	438
17.8	Magnets	439
17.9	Force on a Moving Charge	443
17.10	Points of View	446
	Test Yourself	448
	Discussion	449
	Exercises	450
17.11	Magnetism and Coulomb's Law	454
17.12	More about Ampere's Law	457
17.13	Simple Harmonic Motion Again	458
17.14	Magnetic Fields Anywhere	461
Chapter 18	Electromagnetic Energy Transfer	463
18.1	Electric Circuits	464
18.2	Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields	466
18.3	Induction	469
18.4	The Speed of Energy Transfer	472
18.5	Electromagnetic Waves	474
18.6	Waves and Energy	478
18.7	Mass and Momentum	479
18.8	Reflection and Transmission	483
18.9	Concepts	484
	Test Yourself	487
	Discussion	488
	Exercises	488
18.10	More on Faraday's Induction Law	492
18.11	Reflecting Electromagnetic Waves	495
18.12	Electromagnetic Waves in Matter	499
UNIT 7	LIGHT AND ITS SOURCES	504
Chapter 19	Exercises	488
18.11	Reflecting Electromagnetic Waves	495
	Test Yourself	487
	Discussion	488
	Exercises	488
18.10	More on Faraday's Induction Law	492
18.11	Reflecting Electromagnetic Waves	495
	Test Yourself	487
	Discussion	488
	Exercises	488
18.10	More on Faraday's Induction Law	492
18.11	Reflecting Electromagnetic Waves	495
	Test Yourself	487
	Discussion	488
	Exercises	488
18.10	More on Faraday's Induction Law	492
18.11	Reflecting Electromagnetic Waves	495
	Test Yourself	487
	Discussion	488
	Exercises	488
18.10	More on Faraday's Induction Law	492
18.11	Reflecting Electromagnetic Waves	495